Rosenfield has broken rules right and left. First of all, he's
never had any use for a committee to make investment decisions.
For most endowment funds, a stake in an untested technology
company and the private purchase of a TV station 600 miles
off-campus would have had to go before a committee, which, after
tedious debate, would probably have nixed such risky
propositions. "I just bulled things through," says Rosenfield,
squaring his shoulders.
And instead of spreading his bets, Rosenfield doubled down.
Grinnell's endowment holds a total of fewer than 20 different
stocks and mutual funds (and that's counting each of the 10
stocks in the Sequoia Fund separately). Many colleges have more
investment managers than Grinnell has investments. Outside
consultants typically slice and dice assets--putting, say, 3.5% in
midcap growth stocks, 1% in small Japanese stocks, 2% in emerging
markets bonds and so on. Each sliver has at least one manager,
who in turn owns dozens, even hundreds, of investments. The
result of spreading so many bets so thinly, and paying high fees
on every layer, is sheer mediocrity: Over the 10 years through
1999, the average endowment earned 13% annually, while Grinnell's
grew at 15.6%.
Finally, Rosenfield did as little as possible, seldom buying and
almost never selling. In fact, he considers selling to be
indistinguishable from error. Who can blame him? After Intel went
public in 1971, Grinnell found itself sitting on a gold mine--but
Bob Noyce treated it like a powder keg. Tormented by the fear
that his fledgling company might financially cripple the college
that had given him a second chance, Noyce began pestering
Rosenfield to sell. "Bob was trembling about it," recalls
Rosenfield. "He'd say, 'I don't want the college to lose any
money on account of me.' But I'd say, 'We'll worry about that,
Bob. We'll take that risk.'" Finally, however, Noyce wore
Rosenfield down, and between 1974 and 1980 the college sold its
Intel stake for $14 million, a 4,583% profit. "I wish we'd kept
it," Rosenfield says. "That was the biggest mistake we ever made.
Selling must have cost us $50 million, maybe more."
Then Rosenfield locks eyes with me and asks, "What do you think?"
Hmm, I mutter, it might have cost a little more than $50 million;
I don't have the heart to tell a 96-year-old man that the shares
he sold would today be worth several billion dollars.
Grinnell sold its TV station, WDTN, only because its value rose
so fast that Rosenfield could no longer justify keeping so much
of the endowment in a private, illiquid investment. The Hearst
Corp. bought it from Grinnell in 1981 for $49 million, a 281%
profit over a period when the stock market went up about 90%.
Rosenfield sold Grinnell's stake in Berkshire Hathaway for $3.7
million between 1989 and 1993--for reasons that must have been
compelling at the time but that neither Rosenfield, nor Buffett,
nor anyone at Grinnell can now recall.
What about Sequoia Fund and Freddie Mac? These investments leave
Grinnell heavily exposed to the financial stocks that have been
the skunks of the market for the past couple of years. In 1999,
Sequoia lost 16.5%, while Freddie Mac dropped in value by 27%.
Many investors would long since have bailed out, so I ask
Rosenfield if he's worried about these bad short-term returns.
His entire face turns into a befuddled question mark. "Why should
I worry?" he asks. "There are too many people who are nervous
Nellies and panic when a stock goes down a few percent. That's
what stocks do! I think that [Sequoia and Freddie Mac] are
eventually going to make the college a lot of money.
"There's all kinds of propaganda making people believe that
impatience will pay off," he continues, "but impatience is a sure
way to lose money. I've always taken the long view." He adds with
a grin: "I've got nothing but time."
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