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What is a stock?
It's more than just a piece of paper (and sometimes not even that)
In Lesson 5
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Money 101 Lessons
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At some point, just about every company needs to raise money, whether to open up a West Coast sales office, build a factory, or hire a crop of engineers.
In each case, they have two choices: 1) Borrow the money, or 2) raise it from investors by selling them a stake (issuing shares of stock) in the company.
When you own a share of stock, you are a part owner in the company with a claim (however small it may be) on every asset and every penny in earnings.
Individual stock buyers rarely think like owners, and it's not as if they actually have a say in how things are done.
Nevertheless, it's that ownership structure that gives a stock its value. If stockowners didn't have a claim on earnings, then stock certificates would be worth no more than the paper they're printed on. As a company's earnings improve, investors are willing to pay more for the stock.
Over time, stocks in general have been solid investments. That is, as the economy has grown, so too have corporate earnings, and so have stock prices.
Since 1926, the average large stock has returned close to 10 percent a year. If you're saving for retirement, that's a pretty good deal - much better than U.S. savings bonds, or stashing cash under your mattress.
Of course, "over time" is a relative term. As any stock investor knows, prolonged bear markets can decimate a portfolio.
Since World War II, Wall Street has endured several bear markets - defined as a sustained decline of more than 20 percent in the value of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
Bull markets eventually follow these downturns, but again, the term "eventually" offers small sustenance in the midst of the downdraft.
The point to consider, then, is that investing must be considered a long-term endeavor if it is to be successful. In order to endure the pain of a bear market, you need to have a stake in the game when the tables turn positive.
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