For many consumers, an unexpected health care calamity can quickly burgeon into a financial calamity. Just over half of all the debt that appears on credit reports is related to medical expenses, and consumers may find that their credit score gets as banged up as their body.
Changes in the way credit agencies report and evaluate medical debt are in the works that should reduce some of the painful financial consequences of having a health care problem.
Starting September 15, the three major credit reporting agencies -- Experian, Equifax and TransUnion -- will set a 180-day waiting period before including medical debt on a consumer's credit report. The six-month period is intended to ensure there's enough time to resolve disputes with insurers and delays in payment.
In addition, the credit bureaus will remove medical debt from consumers' credit reports once it's paid by an insurer. (Some credit scoring models don't penalize paid medical debt from any source.)
The changes grew out of two efforts by states to aid consumers: a 2015 settlement negotiated by New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and the three credit reporting agencies and an agreement shortly afterward between the agencies and 31 state attorneys general. The changes will be instituted nationwide.
The 180-day waiting period is "a big step forward toward a more equitable process," said Julie Kalkowski, executive director of the Financial Hope Collaborative at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska, which provides financial education and coaching to low-income, single mothers.
Rather than attempting to collect past-due medical bills themselves, hospitals and doctors' offices typically engage collection agencies to dun patients. But the timing on when providers take that step varies widely.
"Without a standardized process, some bills get sent to collections because they're 30 or 60 days past due as opposed to six months," Kalkowski said.
Kalkowski said several of the women who went through the Creighton program had doctor bills that were sent to collections before they were 60 days past due. The total amount owed in most cases was under $150, she said.
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Some 43 million Americans have medical debt in collections that's adversely affecting their credit, according to a 2014 report by the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the bureau's most recent data. The average amount of medical debt in collections was $579, compared with $1,000 for non-medical debt. For 15 million consumers, medical debt was the only blemish on their credit report, the study found.
Perhaps this isn't surprising given the growth in the number of people with high-deductible health plans and significant out-of-pocket financial responsibilities for health care, said Chad Mulvany, policy director at the Healthcare Financial Management Association, a membership organization for finance professionals.
"More people who typically would have been a good credit risk are now saddled with big bills," he said.
Lenders use credit reports and credit scores to evaluate the risk that someone won't repay a loan. The credit-scoring companies build algorithms that use the data in people's credit reports to assign a three-digit credit score, typically between 300 and 850, that summarizes someone's credit risk based on the information in a credit report at that time. Higher scores indicate lower risk.
Credit-scoring companies like FICO and VantageScore that develop these models have been adjusting their formulas to account for the fact that medical debt isn't necessarily an accurate predictor of whether someone is a good credit risk.
"Those with medical accounts are less likely to default on their accounts than non-medical accounts," said Ethan Dornhelm, vice president of scores and analytics at FICO.
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To address this issue, newer FICO and VantageScore models differentiate between medical and non-medical debt. People with medical debt in collections receive a smaller penalty than those with non-medical collections, said Sarah Davies, senior vice president at VantageScore Solutions.
The change can make a difference in people's credit scores.
Under FICO9, the newest model, someone whose only major credit blot is one or more medical collections would see their median score increase roughly 25 points over older versions, said FICO's Dornhelm.
But there's a catch: Many banks and other lenders haven't yet adopted the newer versions of the credit-scoring models. So even though medical debt shouldn't have as strong an impact on someone's credit score now, in many cases nothing may have changed.
What's a consumer to do? You can't control which scoring model a lender uses, but you can check your credit report regularly to make sure it's accurate. Consumers are entitled to a free credit report from each credit reporting company annually.
"If there's medical debt that's been paid, it should be removed going forward, and if it's less than six months old, find out when it's going to be removed," advises VantageScore's Davies.
Kaiser Health News, a nonprofit health newsroom whose stories appear in news outlets nationwide, is an editorially independent part of the Kaiser Family Foundation.
